JFIFPhotoshop 3.08BIM@Ophthalmic Foundation Models Advance: Technical Progress, Clinic720260811PSCIENMAGUAuthoreOphthalmic Foundation Models Advance: Technical Progress, Clinical Evidence, and Unanswered Questions Science@https://scienmag.com/ophthalmic-foundation-models-advance-techni© 2026 Sciencehttps://scienmag.com/Artificial intelligence is moving ophthalmology toward a new era in which algorithms may analyze not only retinal photographs, but also optical coherence tomography, scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, clinical records, and other forms of patient data in a single diagnostic framework. A review published in Eye & ENT Research describes how ophthalmic foundation models are being developed […]ScienceBioBiologyBiology4artificial intelligence in retinal disease diagnosis8challenges in real-world implementation of ophthalmic AI)clinical evidence for AI in ophthalmology7convolutional neural networks for eye disease detection$deep learning for ophthalmic imaging6diagnostic frameworks combining OCT and fundus imaging.future directions in ophthalmic AI development;laboratory versus clinical performance of ophthalmic models6machine learning for glaucoma and macular degeneration1multimodal medical data analysis in ophthalmologyOphthalmic foundation models)self-supervised learning in ophthalmologyC    !'"#%%%),($+!$%$C   $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$" C !1AQa"q#2TVBR34D$r,!1QA"2aqR ?if޸scuQ͕(S%DM{*"S1w隳߫o׆oS!#9rD)F, KX/<F컕rTP;DwZʊ\mi!I#"Sn}Wf}|D1{d({X$aslQ^5袊`QEQN},ޏ~1BJcR qƀS1ВG3C#$).($D8sو%cm8ހ7o>wy@ )soB" ۟0+[y)Kddu g*ڜ怑lmM5Ajakܤ RF{>eQO#f"L[a"Bѹ< ~_ @UZiqK,%Ϭ@Q@%ɾ|2j|w[4@0CJ}_lkpWiqd&*bCPL.gcRx(<#Rtv[• 泹+KK3 y`L4t)䂆E|s6J %*\mSˡ>Sn~c/?_ZM8}0v!9% UO3`֎EZޙ)_}tCK<Ԑ3ME\P%ɾ|1?ro *5uɋ ۤ&'Jm7ǒ!C mi+ic\Hjk&&T@JO((>Ŀ7φ55-.\౹1TCy'9 j=&[pؽ۝ꔄ4+RPrH=>T|/MW_ti6铘.w$HO.T3V.rɯmK;pW~H <Ԕ$R"xl!K|eQĿ7φUt.>˸=mt]\G R~%fjS:Gy mBr1IEa%Q%ɾ|2_ܛW#٭~m^[OJo*>~$roE7[nఝTC=捯n]s?ro >C&ʮQQ#_"J|eQ]SZV֨Vȑܹ vIg(F}@''={Iv,جlXN崜O\ԡ'FQRXcX:ňq}E-9B:} N oh$:Ųo9t*RK^J_q==uK Cm.5CR<|*lS,fuqkliahmJx,H2C=kF-[65$%;% a+Zd̾aK[PQSHRA98XGCa) 2^=BbQ[KClo}"JPb-Y $;bm@U[aۭJ;WI#o"6jXm p> pqΒf]chq.GG.j v/LsSXBrF}85 oǦ֙"@Wݷ tO'Rt,p\3ViK.'UckRk9=q"tԶ1-QcH{XQ8L+WfĖާ)*CMm@ZRC7Z-EhhxWqjB6U9RP(EE6%b>-Y1v2fA!Co,nz VZ-܁f"-]ɑ^=q8KFygvsm>xH~9y@Y‡^y(LlncQ:CoNw!D()&1ղF}r3a2[kpO~G(ZgO"e 6J˨[tl M&KYDMcOLZVq˭&]a][ŷQZ:JOjc,I%c) e=j7@' I Iܔ2 H!GGdw0M@Ucuc a޾|xaށ(JJN\7aMVv '{}.8^Zdt޵\se\%~\ɮS2a#`e)H5ٚij z Ie3n`0O d9-6%~GΊI,dچ ZJX|nlW*ڭ-xޔ<-iRd$'z[p J;I_[ 1]ܰw0UWTl崠 g=wҷhqdnf$QjW_?b&EB;W_?;}g2k_ >u3OS}_r,{DKǫh:=*dpכ1x{2Kmd+p `&CyQHO%,y#V􅸯Te*(޵#Hڍ]tc8W)9ˬ4sKQ$q_QKC*i] 4[Wԋ SnkNVÝ><8᫚tlCmqԎ$}YUж;-RRM-=i04, RCmX [|JҖ'i=ԼP\.rYg>9JϣOd8#LwfҼ{L x9G2Q8Kev~4Ŏ,'_f˵ەj(-Y$C=p?:ŠHRIsVGO ]$YVY:g|rTaaKeIA>`gߊ?Zv +n uXSj%= Q }/fūV_:gNmO {5(MP]-!ڒIYN԰9ΝSNRk/MM4ii\;IoyR 5/pQE*+SOl[|T;Qj+ʼ%.tq՞x9N{PQLo֠OfqIp\Vˎ1 #)ڔ kl&Kls[=.:bÊH- I>JGR2 @AXA_Y5w|Z)л`z&jv^-f-g"pAi=Uܓ m(d RSz~u˨aŴj Bpq/=3fڭ[ۓ M\{NOYc 4W/:#MR}^?=v֗`JX! sӥs^^Z:vcs^u4ʤ~(zHͭVKd_6A CU:`̗ؤ(6K2~Bq-u)ooV }PI?x򦅹O٤g(m9$fSp yu@T-[ =pG:HioJP(˗>[W9eqn,ΓHQQ$t9fnc헱 ,O!γ7*C;zI@$偞·qr"ԭ?dC @PP،= #>>¼qfQKhZ