From Open Incisions to Intelligent Machines: The Radical Reinvention of Gastric Cancer Surgery

Gastric cancer surgery has traveled an extraordinary distance since Theodor Billroth performed the first successful gastric resections in the nineteenth century. What was once a brutal open operation, carried out in traditional operating theaters with limited visualization and high morbidity, has become a field defined by keyhole incisions, high-definition cameras, robotic arms, and increasingly, artificial […]